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NCERT Based MCQ with Explanation:
1. What is the primary focus of human geography as a discipline?
(a) Study of physical landforms
(b) Analysis of human-environment relationships
(c) Exploration of celestial bodies
(d) Mapping of geological structures
Explanation: Human geography focuses on the relationship between human societies and the earth’s surface, examining spatial distributions and socio-economic differences. It integrates human and natural elements to understand how humans interact with and modify their physical environment holistically.
2. Which scholar defined human geography as the “synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth’s surface”?
(a) Ellen C. Semple
(b) Paul Vidal de la Blache
(c) Ratzel
(d) Griffith Taylor
Explanation: Ratzel defined human geography as the synthetic study of relationships between human societies and the earth’s surface. This definition emphasizes synthesis, highlighting the integrated analysis of human activities and their spatial interactions with the environment.
3. What term describes the approach where humans adapt to nature’s dictates due to low technological development?
(a) Possibilism
(b) Neodeterminism
(c) Environmental determinism
(d) Spatial organization
Explanation: Environmental determinism describes early human societies adapting to nature’s dictates due to low technology levels. These societies, like Benda’s tribe, were heavily influenced by the physical environment, revering and depending on nature’s resources.
4. Which concept reflects a balance between environmental determinism and possibilism?
(a) Humanization of nature
(b) Neodeterminism
(c) Areal differentiation
(d) Quantitative revolution
Explanation: Neodeterminism, introduced by Griffith Taylor, balances environmental determinism and possibilism. It suggests humans can modify nature within environmental limits, like obeying traffic lights, ensuring sustainable development without causing environmental harm like global warming.
5. How does technology influence human interaction with the physical environment?
(a) Eliminates need for natural resources
(b) Enables modification of environmental constraints
(c) Reduces human cultural development
(d) Isolates humans from natural laws
Explanation: Technology allows humans to modify the physical environment, overcoming constraints like harsh climates. Innovations like heated buildings or faster planes reflect cultural development, loosening nature’s shackles and enabling the creation of cultural landscapes.
6. Which of the following is a human-created element in the cultural landscape?
(a) Rivers
(b) Urban sprawls
(c) Mountains
(d) Natural vegetation
Explanation: Urban sprawls are human-created elements of the cultural landscape, resulting from construction and urbanization. Unlike rivers, mountains, or natural vegetation, they reflect human modification of the physical environment using available resources.
7. What metaphor is commonly used to describe the earth’s surface in human geography?
(a) Heart of the planet
(b) Face of the earth
(c) Soul of the landscape
(d) Mind of the ecosystem
Explanation: The earth’s surface is described as the “face of the earth” in human geography, using human anatomy metaphors. Other examples include “eye of the storm” and “mouth of the river,” symbolizing natural features.
8. According to Ellen C. Semple, what is the key characteristic of human geography?
(a) Static human-earth relationship
(b) Changing relationship between humans and unstable earth
(c) Isolation of human societies
(d) Study of physical laws only
Explanation: Ellen C. Semple defined human geography as the study of the changing relationship between the “unresting man” and the “unstable earth,” highlighting the dynamic nature of human-environment interactions driven by societal and environmental changes.
9. Which element is NOT part of the physical environment in human geography?
(a) Landforms
(b) Road networks
(c) Climate
(d) Soils
Explanation: Road networks are human-created elements of the cultural landscape, not part of the physical environment. Landforms, climate, and soils are natural components studied in physical geography, influencing human activities.
10. What does the term “humanization of nature” refer to?
(a) Humans worshipping natural forces
(b) Humans modifying nature through technology
(c) Nature controlling human activities
(d) Nature remaining unchanged
Explanation: Humanization of nature refers to humans modifying the physical environment using technology, creating cultural landscapes like cities and ports. This reflects human ability to transform nature, moving from necessity to freedom.
11. Which approach in human geography emerged in the 1930s to focus on regional uniqueness?
(a) Spatial organization
(b) Areal differentiation
(c) Exploration and description
(d) Post-modernism
Explanation: Areal differentiation, prominent in the 1930s, focused on identifying the uniqueness of regions and understanding their distinct characteristics based on human and environmental factors, differentiating one region from another.
12. What is a key feature of the quantitative revolution in human geography?
(a) Emphasis on humanistic approaches
(b) Use of statistical tools and computers
(c) Focus on regional exploration
(d) Rejection of spatial analysis
Explanation: The quantitative revolution (late 1950s–1960s) utilized computers and statistical tools to analyze human phenomena, applying physical laws to map patterns in activities like population distribution or urban growth.
13. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with anthropology?
(a) Electoral geography
(b) Cultural geography
(c) Geography of resources
(d) Medical geography
Explanation: Cultural geography interfaces with anthropology, studying cultural practices, traditions, and their spatial distribution. It explores how human cultures shape and are shaped by the physical environment, aligning with anthropological perspectives.
14. What does possibilism emphasize in human geography?
(a) Human dependence on nature’s dictates
(b) Human ability to create possibilities within limits
(c) Complete control over the environment
(d) Nature’s dominance over humans
Explanation: Possibilism emphasizes humans creating possibilities within environmental limits using technology and resources. It highlights human agency in transforming nature, unlike environmental determinism, which stresses nature’s dominance.
15. Which of the following is a direct result of human activities on the physical environment?
(a) Formation of glaciers
(b) Creation of health resorts
(c) Development of natural vegetation
(d) Changes in climate patterns
Explanation: Health resorts are human-created, reflecting modification of the physical environment using resources. Glaciers, natural vegetation, and climate patterns are primarily natural phenomena, not direct results of human activities.
16. Which school of thought in human geography emerged in the 1970s to address socio-political realities?
(a) Quantitative revolution
(b) Humanistic school
(c) Regional analysis
(d) Exploration and description
Explanation: The humanistic school, emerging in the 1970s, addressed socio-political realities, focusing on human experiences and values. It reacted against the quantitative revolution’s dehumanized approach, making geography more relevant to social issues.
17. How does Paul Vidal de la Blache define human geography?
(a) Study of human migration patterns
(b) Synthetic knowledge of physical laws and living beings’ relations
(c) Analysis of economic systems
(d) Exploration of geological structures
Explanation: Paul Vidal de la Blache defined human geography as a conception from synthetic knowledge of physical laws and relations between living beings, emphasizing interrelationships between humans and the earth.
18. What is a key characteristic of primitive societies in relation to nature?
(a) Advanced technological control
(b) Direct dependence on natural resources
(c) Isolation from environmental influences
(d) Urbanization of natural landscapes
Explanation: Primitive societies, like Benda’s tribe, directly depend on natural resources, practicing activities like shifting cultivation. They revere and conserve nature, living in harmony due to limited technological development.
19. Which of the following is NOT a sub-field of human geography?
(a) Gender geography
(b) Medical geography
(c) Planetary geography
(d) Population geography
Explanation: Planetary geography is not a sub-field of human geography. Sub-fields like gender, medical, and population geography focus on human-environment interactions, interfacing with disciplines like sociology, epidemiology, and demography.
20. What does the term “Mother Nature” represent in primitive societies?
(a) A human-made landscape
(b) The physical environment as a revered force
(c) Technological advancements in agriculture
(d) Urban planning strategies
Explanation: In primitive societies, “Mother Nature” represents the physical environment as a powerful, revered force. These societies depend on nature for resources, worshipping and conserving it due to their limited technological capabilities.
21. Which approach in human geography was prominent during the early colonial period?
(a) Spatial organization
(b) Exploration and description
(c) Areal differentiation
(d) Post-modernism
22. How does neodeterminism differ from environmental determinism?
(a) Denies environmental influence
(b) Allows modification within environmental limits
(c) Emphasizes complete human control
(d) Focuses on cultural isolation
23. Which discipline does electoral geography interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Psephology
(c) Economics
(d) Anthropology
24. What is a key outcome of the humanization of nature in modern societies?
(a) Complete dependence on natural forces
(b) Creation of cultural landscapes
(c) Reduction in technological advancements
(d) Isolation from environmental changes
25. Which period in human geography was marked by the use of sophisticated statistical tools?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) Late 1950s to late 1960s
(c) 1930s inter-war period
(d) 1990s
26. What does the term “naturalized human” refer to in early human societies?
(a) Humans with advanced technology
(b) Humans adapting to nature’s dictates
(c) Humans ignoring environmental constraints
(d) Humans creating urban landscapes
27. Which sub-field of human geography is linked to welfare economics?
(a) Geography of leisure
(b) Geography of social well-being
(c) Historical geography
(d) Military geography
28. What is a key feature of the post-modernism approach in human geography?
(a) Emphasis on universal theories
(b) Focus on local context understanding
(c) Reliance on quantitative methods
(d) Exploration of new regions
29. Which of the following is a human-made element of the material culture?
(a) Natural vegetation
(b) Ports
(c) Climate
(d) Soils
30. What does the metaphor “arteries of circulation” refer to in human geography?
(a) River systems
(b) Road and railway networks
(c) Mountain ranges
(d) Atmospheric currents
31. Which approach in human geography was driven by imperial and trade interests?
(a) Spatial organization
(b) Exploration and description
(c) Areal differentiation
(d) Humanistic school
32. How does the concept of possibilism view human interaction with nature?
(a) Humans are controlled by nature
(b) Humans create opportunities within limits
(c) Nature is irrelevant to human activities
(d) Humans destroy the environment
33. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with military science?
(a) Electoral geography
(b) Military geography
(c) Population geography
(d) Cultural geography
34. What is a consequence of the free run by developed economies, per neodeterminism?
(a) Enhanced natural resource availability
(b) Environmental issues like global warming
(c) Reduced technological advancements
(d) Increased primitive agriculture
35. Which discipline does population geography primarily interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Demography
(c) Anthropology
(d) Economics
36. What is the significance of understanding natural laws in human geography?
(a) Restricts human activities
(b) Enables technological development
(c) Eliminates environmental constraints
(d) Isolates humans from nature
37. Which period in human geography focused on regional analysis?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) Later colonial period
(c) 1970s
(d) 1990s
38. What does the term “cultural landscape” refer to in human geography?
(a) Unmodified natural environments
(b) Human-modified environments
(c) Geological formations
(d) Atmospheric phenomena
39. Which sub-field of human geography is linked to women’s studies?
(a) Historical geography
(b) Gender geography
(c) Medical geography
(d) Geography of agriculture
40. What is a key feature of the humanistic school in human geography?
(a) Use of statistical tools
(b) Focus on socio-political realities
(c) Emphasis on universal theories
(d) Exploration of new regions
41. Which element is NOT created by humans in the cultural landscape?
(a) Cities
(b) Farms
(c) Natural vegetation
(d) Railways
42. What does “stop and go determinism” imply in neodeterminism?
(a) Complete freedom from constraints
(b) Human actions regulated by limits
(c) Isolation from natural forces
(d) Rejection of technology
43. Which discipline does the geography of international trade interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) International trade
(c) Anthropology
(d) Military science
44. What is the primary concern of geography as a discipline?
(a) Study of celestial bodies
(b) Understanding earth as human home
(c) Analysis of geological processes
(d) Exploration of marine ecosystems
45. Which approach in human geography rejected grand generalizations in the 1990s?
(a) Quantitative revolution
(b) Post-modernism
(c) Areal differentiation
(d) Exploration and description
46. What is a key feature of shifting cultivation in primitive societies?
(a) Permanent agricultural fields
(b) Burning forest patches for fertile soil
(c) Use of advanced irrigation
(d) Large-scale mechanized farming
47. Which concept uses traffic lights as a metaphor for human-environment interaction?
(a) Environmental determinism
(b) Possibilism
(c) Neodeterminism
(d) Quantitative revolution
48. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with urban studies and planning?
(a) Population geography
(b) Urban geography
(c) Cultural geography
(d) Geography of resources
49. What does “naturalisation of humans” describe in human geography?
(a) Humans creating cultural landscapes
(b) Humans adapting to nature’s dictates
(c) Humans ignoring environmental constraints
(d) Humans developing advanced technology
50. Which of the following is a metaphor used for a glacier’s feature?
(a) Eye of the storm
(b) Snout of the glacier
(c) Mouth of the river
(d) Neck of the isthmus
51. Which discipline does medical geography interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Epidemiology
(c) Anthropology
(d) Economics
52. What is a key feature of the later colonial period in human geography?
(a) Use of statistical tools
(b) Regional analysis of areas
(c) Focus on humanistic approaches
(d) Rejection of regional studies
53. Which of the following is NOT a source of geographical information?
(a) Traveller’s accounts
(b) Old maps
(c) Samples of lunar rock materials
(d) Ancient epics
54. What is the most important factor in human-environment interaction?
(a) Human intelligence
(b) Technology
(c) People’s perception
(d) Human brotherhood
55. Which approach in human geography is NOT listed in the chapter?
(a) Areal differentiation
(b) Spatial organization
(c) Quantitative revolution
(d) Planetary exploration
56. What does the term “profile of the soil” refer to in human geography?
(a) A human-made structure
(b) A metaphor for soil layers
(c) A type of urban planning
(d) A climatic phenomenon
57. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with psychology?
(a) Behavioural geography
(b) Geography of leisure
(c) Historical geography
(d) Electoral geography
58. What is a key characteristic of the quantitative revolution?
(a) Focus on socio-political realities
(b) Application of physical laws to human phenomena
(c) Emphasis on local contexts
(d) Rejection of statistical tools
59. Which of the following reflects the concept of possibilism?
(a) Humans worshipping nature
(b) Creation of urban sprawls
(c) Dependence on natural forces
(d) Unmodified natural landscapes
60. Which period in human geography saw the emergence of humanistic, radical, and behavioural schools?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) 1930s inter-war period
(c) 1970s
(d) 1990s
61. Which sub-field of human geography is linked to tourism and travel management?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of tourism
(c) Geography of industries
(d) Electoral geography
62. What does the metaphor “living organism” describe in human geography?
(a) Natural ecosystems
(b) State or country
(c) River systems
(d) Atmospheric patterns
63. Which approach in human geography focused on understanding the earth through its parts?
(a) Spatial organization
(b) Regional analysis
(c) Quantitative revolution
(d) Post-modernism
64. What is a key feature of environmental determinism in primitive societies?
(a) Advanced technological control
(b) Worshipping and revering nature
(c) Creating extensive urban areas
(d) Ignoring environmental constraints
65. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with history?
(a) Cultural geography
(b) Historical geography
(c) Medical geography
(d) Geography of leisure
66. What is a consequence of humans understanding natural laws like aerodynamics?
(a) Reduced environmental impact
(b) Development of faster planes
(c) Increased dependence on nature
(d) Isolation from cultural landscapes
67. Which of the following is NOT an approach in human geography?
(a) Areal differentiation
(b) Spatial organization
(c) Quantitative revolution
(d) Geological mapping
68. What does the term “neck of the isthmus” refer to in human geography?
(a) A river’s source
(b) A narrow land connection
(c) A mountain peak
(d) A climatic zone
69. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with resource economics?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of resources
(c) Geography of marketing
(d) Electoral geography
70. What is a key feature of the areal differentiation approach?
(a) Use of humanistic methods
(b) Identifying regional uniqueness
(c) Focus on universal theories
(d) Exploration of new areas
71. Which of the following is a human-created element of material culture?
(a) Soils
(b) Villages
(c) Climate
(d) Natural vegetation
72. What does the concept of neodeterminism aim to avoid?
(a) Technological advancements
(b) Environmental damage
(c) Cultural landscape development
(d) Human dependence on nature
73. Which discipline does the geography of agriculture interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Agricultural sciences
(c) Anthropology
(d) Economics
74. What does the term “possibilities” refer to in possibilism?
(a) Natural resource availability
(b) Human-created opportunities
(c) Environmental constraints
(d) Primitive agricultural practices
75. Which period in human geography emphasized the use of computers for analysis?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) Late 1950s to late 1960s
(c) 1930s inter-war period
(d) 1990s
76. What is a key characteristic of Benda’s tribe in the Abujh Maad area?
(a) Advanced urban planning
(b) Practice of shifting cultivation
(c) Use of modern technology
(d) Isolation from natural resources
77. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with sociology?
(a) Social geography
(b) Military geography
(c) Geography of resources
(d) Electoral geography
78. What does the metaphor “eye of the storm” describe in human geography?
(a) A calm weather region
(b) A river’s source
(c) A mountain peak
(d) A cultural landscape
79. Which approach in human geography emerged in the 1990s to emphasize local contexts?
(a) Quantitative revolution
(b) Post-modernism
(c) Areal differentiation
(d) Exploration and description
80. What is a key feature of the humanistic school in human geography?
(a) Reliance on statistical analysis
(b) Addressing human experiences
(c) Focus on physical laws
(d) Exploration of new regions
81. Which of the following is a natural element of the physical environment?
(a) Railways
(b) Soils
(c) Ports
(d) Cities
82. What does the concept of environmental determinism emphasize?
(a) Human control over nature
(b) Human adaptation to nature
(c) Technological isolation from nature
(d) Creation of cultural landscapes
83. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with industrial economics?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of industries
(c) Geography of tourism
(d) Electoral geography
84. What is a key outcome of the quantitative revolution in human geography?
(a) Focus on socio-political realities
(b) Mapping patterns of human activities
(c) Emphasis on local contexts
(d) Rejection of statistical tools
85. Which of the following reflects the humanization of nature?
(a) Unmodified natural vegetation
(b) Construction of glass domes
(c) Formation of glaciers
(d) Development of river systems
86. Which period in human geography focused on exploration and description?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) Late 1950s to late 1960s
(c) 1930s inter-war period
(d) 1990s
87. Which discipline does the geography of marketing interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Business studies
(c) Anthropology
(d) History
88. What does the term “mouth of the river” refer to in human geography?
(a) A river’s source
(b) A river’s end at the sea
(c) A narrow land strip
(d) A climatic zone
89. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with urban/rural planning?
(a) Settlement geography
(b) Population geography
(c) Cultural geography
(d) Medical geography
90. What is a key feature of the regional analysis approach in human geography?
(a) Use of statistical tools
(b) Detailed description of regions
(c) Focus on humanistic methods
(d) Rejection of regional studies
91. Which of the following is a consequence of advanced technology in human geography?
(a) Increased dependence on nature
(b) Creation of controlled environments
(c) Reduced cultural landscapes
(d) Isolation from natural resources
92. What does the term “possibilism” contrast with in human geography?
(a) Neodeterminism
(b) Environmental determinism
(c) Quantitative revolution
(d) Post-modernism
93. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with political science?
(a) Social geography
(b) Political geography
(c) Geography of leisure
(d) Historical geography
94. What is a key feature of primitive societies’ interaction with nature?
(a) Advanced technological control
(b) Direct dependence and reverence
(c) Creation of urban landscapes
(d) Isolation from environmental forces
95. Which period in human geography was known as the quantitative revolution?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) Late 1950s to late 1960s
(c) 1930s inter-war period
(d) 1990s
96. What does the metaphor “snout of the glacier” describe?
(a) A river’s end
(b) A glacier’s front
(c) A narrow land strip
(d) A climatic zone
97. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with anthropology and sociology?
(a) Electoral geography
(b) Gender geography
(c) Geography of resources
(d) Medical geography
98. What is a key outcome of the post-modernism approach in human geography?
(a) Emphasis on universal theories
(b) Understanding local contexts
(c) Reliance on quantitative methods
(d) Exploration of new regions
99. Which of the following is a human-created element in the cultural landscape?
(a) Natural vegetation
(b) Health resorts
(c) Climate
(d) Soils
100. What does neodeterminism promote in human-environment interaction?
(a) Complete human control
(b) Sustainable modifications
(c) Isolation from nature
(d) Rejection of technology
101. Which discipline does the geography of leisure interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Economics
(c) Anthropology
(d) History
102. What does the term “arteries of circulation” symbolize in human geography?
(a) River systems
(b) Transportation networks
(c) Mountain ranges
(d) Climatic patterns
103. Which approach in human geography focused on imperial and trade interests?
(a) Spatial organization
(b) Exploration and description
(c) Areal differentiation
(d) Humanistic school
104. What is a key feature of possibilism in human geography?
(a) Human dependence on nature
(b) Creation of opportunities within limits
(c) Complete environmental control
(d) Rejection of technology
105. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with epidemiology?
(a) Cultural geography
(b) Medical geography
(c) Population geography
(d) Electoral geography
106. What is a key characteristic of the regional analysis approach?
(a) Use of statistical tools
(b) Detailed regional descriptions
(c) Focus on humanistic methods
(d) Rejection of regional studies
107. Which of the following is NOT a human-created element?
(a) Farms
(b) Natural vegetation
(c) Ports
(d) Cities
108. What does environmental determinism suggest about early human societies?
(a) They controlled nature completely
(b) They adapted to nature’s dictates
(c) They ignored environmental constraints
(d) They developed advanced technology
109. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with business studies and commerce?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of marketing
(c) Geography of tourism
(d) Electoral geography
110. What is a key feature of the quantitative revolution in human geography?
(a) Focus on socio-political realities
(b) Mapping human activity patterns
(c) Emphasis on local contexts
(d) Rejection of statistical tools
111. Which of the following reflects the humanization of nature?
(a) Formation of glaciers
(b) Construction of urban sprawls
(c) Development of river systems
(d) Growth of natural vegetation
112. Which period in human geography focused on areal differentiation?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) 1930s inter-war period
(c) Late 1950s to late 1960s
(d) 1990s
113. Which discipline does historical geography interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) History
(c) Anthropology
(d) Economics
114. What does the metaphor “face of the earth” describe?
(a) A cultural landscape
(b) The earth’s surface
(c) A river system
(d) A climatic zone
115. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with agricultural sciences?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of industries
(c) Geography of tourism
(d) Electoral geography
116. What is a key outcome of neodeterminism in human geography?
(a) Complete human control
(b) Sustainable environmental balance
(c) Isolation from nature
(d) Rejection of technology
117. Which of the following is a natural element of the physical environment?
(a) Railways
(b) Climate
(c) Ports
(d) Cities
118. What does possibilism allow humans to do in human geography?
(a) Depend entirely on nature
(b) Create cultural landscapes
(c) Ignore environmental constraints
(d) Reject technological advancements
119. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with psephology?
(a) Electoral geography
(b) Military geography
(c) Population geography
(d) Cultural geography
120. What is a key feature of the exploration and description approach?
(a) Use of statistical tools
(b) Encyclopaedic regional accounts
(c) Focus on humanistic methods
(d) Rejection of regional studies
121. Which of the following is a human-created element in the cultural landscape?
(a) Natural vegetation
(b) Farms
(c) Soils
(d) Climate
122. What does environmental determinism emphasize in primitive societies?
(a) Technological control over nature
(b) Adaptation to natural forces
(c) Creation of urban landscapes
(d) Isolation from environmental constraints
123. Which discipline does the geography of resources interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Resource economics
(c) Anthropology
(d) History
124. What is a key feature of the post-modernism approach in human geography?
(a) Reliance on universal theories
(b) Emphasis on local contexts
(c) Use of quantitative methods
(d) Exploration of new regions
125. Which of the following reflects the humanization of nature?
(a) Growth of natural vegetation
(b) Construction of oceanic routes
(c) Formation of glaciers
(d) Development of river systems
126. Which period in human geography was marked by the humanistic school?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) 1930s inter-war period
(c) 1970s
(d) 1990s
127. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with welfare economics?
(a) Geography of leisure
(b) Geography of social well-being
(c) Historical geography
(d) Military geography
128. What does the metaphor “neck of the isthmus” describe?
(a) A river’s end
(b) A narrow land connection
(c) A glacier’s front
(d) A climatic zone
129. Which discipline does urban geography interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Urban studies and planning
(c) Anthropology
(d) Economics
130. What is a key feature of the areal differentiation approach?
(a) Use of humanistic methods
(b) Identifying regional uniqueness
(c) Focus on universal theories
(d) Exploration of new areas
131. Which of the following is a human-created element of material culture?
(a) Soils
(b) Cities
(c) Climate
(d) Natural vegetation
132. What does neodeterminism aim to balance?
(a) Technological advancements
(b) Human agency and environmental limits
(c) Cultural landscape development
(d) Human dependence on nature
133. Which discipline does the geography of industries interface with?
(a) Sociology
(b) Industrial economics
(c) Anthropology
(d) History
134. What is a key feature of primitive societies’ interaction with nature?
(a) Advanced technological control
(b) Direct dependence and reverence
(c) Creation of urban landscapes
(d) Isolation from environmental forces
135. Which period in human geography focused on spatial organization?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) Late 1950s to late 1960s
(c) 1930s inter-war period
(d) 1990s
136. What does the metaphor “mouth of the river” describe?
(a) A river’s source
(b) A river’s end at the sea
(c) A narrow land strip
(d) A climatic zone
137. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with psychology?
(a) Behavioural geography
(b) Geography of leisure
(c) Historical geography
(d) Electoral geography
138. What is a key outcome of the quantitative revolution?
(a) Focus on socio-political realities
(b) Mapping human activity patterns
(c) Emphasis on local contexts
(d) Rejection of statistical tools
139. Which of the following reflects possibilism?
(a) Worshipping nature
(b) Creation of health resorts
(c) Dependence on natural forces
(d) Unmodified landscapes
140. Which period in human geography saw the post-modernism approach?
(a) Early colonial period
(b) 1930s inter-war period
(c) 1970s
(d) 1990s
141. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with tourism and travel management?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of tourism
(c) Geography of industries
(d) Electoral geography
142. What does the metaphor “living organism” describe in human geography?
(a) Natural ecosystems
(b) State or country
(c) River systems
(d) Atmospheric patterns
143. Which approach in human geography focused on regional analysis?
(a) Spatial organization
(b) Regional analysis
(c) Quantitative revolution
(d) Post-modernism
144. What is a key feature of environmental determinism?
(a) Advanced technological control
(b) Worshipping and revering nature
(c) Creating urban areas
(d) Ignoring environmental constraints
145. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with history?
(a) Cultural geography
(b) Historical geography
(c) Medical geography
(d) Geography of leisure
146. What is a consequence of understanding natural laws like friction?
(a) Reduced environmental impact
(b) Discovery of fire
(c) Increased dependence on nature
(d) Isolation from cultural landscapes
147. Which of the following is NOT an approach in human geography?
(a) Areal differentiation
(b) Spatial organization
(c) Quantitative revolution
(d) Geological mapping
148. What does the metaphor “eye of the storm” refer to?
(a) A calm weather region
(b) A river’s source
(c) A mountain peak
(d) A cultural landscape
149. Which sub-field of human geography interfaces with resource economics?
(a) Geography of agriculture
(b) Geography of resources
(c) Geography of marketing
(d) Electoral geography
150. What is a key feature of the humanistic school in human geography?
(a) Use of statistical tools
(b) Addressing socio-political realities
(c) Emphasis on universal theories
(d) Exploration of new regions