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NCERT Based MCQ with Explanation:
(1) In the fourfold classification of economic activities, which set belongs to primary activities?
(a) Hunting, pastoralism, forestry, mining
(b) Banking, trade, insurance, IT services
(c) Steelmaking, shipbuilding, car assembly
(d) Teaching, tourism, healthcare, logistics
Explanation: Primary activities directly use natural resources—land, water, vegetation, and minerals—covering hunting-gathering, pastoralism, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining/quarrying. They are outdoorsy “red-collar” jobs reliant on environment.
(2) Why are coastal and plains populations commonly engaged in fishing and agriculture respectively?
(a) Cultural preference alone
(b) Physical endowments of marine resources and fertile alluvium
(c) Government compulsion
(d) Lack of alternatives due to unemployment
Explanation: Coasts offer marine stocks and navigable access, favouring fishing; alluvial plains provide deep, fertile soils and water, favouring crop cultivation. Physical resource endowments largely shape primary-activity choices in each region.
(3) A defining feature of hunting-gathering in harsh regions is:
(a) High capital, advanced machinery
(b) Very high per-person yields
(c) Minimal capital, low technology, little surplus
(d) Continuous year-round cropping cycles
Explanation: Gathering relies on simple tools and local knowledge, needs little capital, and operates at very low technology; yields per person are limited, producing minimal or no surplus for markets.
(4) Which latitude belts still show subsistence gathering?
(a) Only mid-latitudes of Europe
(b) Only deserts of West Asia
(c) High latitudes of N. Canada/Eurasia and low latitudes like Amazon, tropical Africa, N Australia, SE Asia interiors
(d) Only Mediterranean margins
Explanation: Subsistence gathering persists in high-latitude zones such as northern Canada and Eurasia, and low-latitude areas like the Amazon, tropical Africa, and interiors of Southeast Asia.
(5) Which plant product supplies the base for chewing gum (post-flavour residue)?
(a) Chicle from the sapota tree
(b) Latex from Hevea brasiliensis
(c) Balata from gutta-percha
(d) Resin from conifers
Explanation: Chicle is the gum base historically used in chewing gum, tapped as latex from the sapota tree, and an example of market-oriented gathering.
(6) Why does gathering struggle to compete globally today?
(a) Labor scarcity
(b) Synthetic substitutes and higher quality/cheaper industrial products
(c) Strict export bans
(d) Inability to transport forest goods
Explanation: Many gathered items have been replaced by industrial and synthetic products that are cheaper and superior, reducing the competitiveness of traditional gathering.
(7) Nomadic herding communities primarily move to:
(a) Access markets
(b) Observe political boundaries
(c) Track seasonal pastures and water availability
(d) Avoid taxes
Explanation: Nomadic herders migrate with livestock seeking seasonal pastures and water, balancing survival with climate variability.
(8) Vertical seasonal migration between elevations for pasture is called:
(a) Relocationsim
(b) Chain migration
(c) Transhumance
(d) Commutation
Explanation: Transhumance is the seasonal migration between highland pastures in summer and lowland valleys in winter, common in Himalayas, Alps, and other mountains.
(9) Which animals dominate pastoralism across different environments?
(a) Only cattle worldwide
(b) Only sheep worldwide
(c) Regionally adapted herds—cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak, llama, reindeer
(d) Only horses worldwide
Explanation: Livestock choices follow ecology: cattle in tropics, camels in deserts, yak in Tibet, llamas in Andes, and reindeer in Arctic.
(10) Which trend has reduced areas used by nomadic herders?
(a) Rise of barter systems
(b) Global cooling
(c) Political borders and sedentarisation policies
(d) Shortage of animal breeds
Explanation: Nation-state boundaries and settlement policies restrict nomadic movement, shrinking grazing areas and reducing pastoral populations.
(11) Commercial livestock ranching typically features:
(a) Mixed species herding on communal lands
(b) One-species specialization, fenced parcels, rotation by carrying capacity
(c) Open range with no capital inputs
(d) Seasonal village commons
Explanation: Ranching is capital-intensive with fenced paddocks, herd sizes matching pasture capacity, and veterinary breeding methods to maximise yields of meat, wool, and hides.
(12) Which countries represent major commercial livestock regions?
(a) Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia
(b) India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan
(c) New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, USA
(d) Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Brunei
Explanation: Temperate grasslands in these countries provide vast areas for commercial livestock ranching with global export networks.
(13) Shifting cultivation is also known as:
(a) Hydroponics
(b) Terracing
(c) Slash-and-burn agriculture
(d) Aeroponics
Explanation: Shifting cultivation involves clearing land by burning, cultivating briefly, then leaving it fallow to regain fertility before shifting to a new plot.
(14) Identify regional names of shifting cultivation:
(a) Shamba (UK), Maquis (USA), Steppe (Russia)
(b) Jhum (NE India), Milpa (Central America), Ladang (Indonesia/Malaysia)
(c) Taiga (Brazil), Sahel (Japan), Puszta (China)
(d) Polder (Canada), Llanos (Germany), Veld (Italy)
Explanation: Shifting cultivation is regionally called Jhum, Milpa, or Ladang, reflecting cultural practices in Asia and America.
(15) Why has the fallow cycle in Jhum shortened dangerously?
(a) Surplus rainfall
(b) Technological revolution
(c) Population pressure and land scarcity reducing recovery periods
(d) Volcanic ash additions
Explanation: Rising population compresses the fallow period, preventing soil recovery, making shifting cultivation ecologically fragile.
(16) Intensive subsistence agriculture with wet paddy is characterised by:
(a) Large mechanised fields and low labour
(b) Small holdings, family labour, high land intensity, limited machinery
(c) Exclusive cash crops
(d) Year-long fallows
Explanation: Rice farming in Asia uses small plots, intensive labour, and traditional manure inputs, yielding high per hectare productivity.
(17) Where intensive subsistence without paddy dominates, typical crops include:
(a) Cotton and jute
(b) Tea and coffee
(c) Wheat, soybean, barley, sorghum
(d) Rubber and oil palm
Explanation: In northern China and drier tracts of India, farmers grow wheat, barley, and sorghum instead of paddy.
(18) Plantation agriculture typically exhibits:
(a) Small multi-crop plots with shared tools
(b) Large estates, single-crop specialisation, heavy capital, managerial expertise, linked transport to factories/ports
(c) Rainfed cereal diversity
(d) Nomadic pastoralism
Explanation: Plantations focus on crops like tea, coffee, rubber, with transport links and processing facilities, usually for export.
(19) Match colonial powers with plantation examples:
(a) Dutch—tea in India; British—cocoa in West Africa
(b) British—tea in India/Sri Lanka; French—cocoa/coffee in West Africa; Spanish/US—coconut/sugarcane Philippines
(c) US—rubber in Malaysia; Dutch—coffee in Brazil
(d) Portuguese—oil palm in Japan
Explanation: Colonials set up plantations globally for tea, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, rubber, linked to export markets.
(20) Commercial grain farming best fits:
(a) Amazon Basin
(b) European Steppes, Prairies, Pampas, Velds, Australian Downs, Canterbury Plains
(c) Equatorial rainforests worldwide
(d) High Himalaya glacier valleys
Explanation: Mid-latitude temperate grasslands form the world’s major commercial grain belts with mechanised farming.
NCERT MCQ PDF, 12th Biology NEET(21) Why does commercial grain farming yield “low per acre, high per worker”?
(a) Poor seeds
(b) Excess irrigation
(c) Vast mechanised holdings boost labour productivity though per-acre yields remain modest
(d) Prolonged fallow
(22) Mixed farming features include:
(a) Only cereals, no animals
(b) Exclusive plantation crops
(c) Crop-livestock integration, fodder emphasis, crop rotation, intercropping, machinery and fertiliser use
(d) Nomadism
(23) Dairy farming is best described as:
(a) Extensive, with minimal inputs
(b) Capital- and labour-intensive, focusing on breed improvement, veterinary care, and year-round milking
(c) Purely seasonal
(d) Rainfed only
(24) Classic commercial dairy belts include:
(a) North-western Europe; Canada; SE Australia–New Zealand–Tasmania
(b) Sahara; Gobi; Atacama
(c) Congo Basin; Amazon; New Guinea
(d) Tibetan Plateau; Karakoram
(25) Mediterranean agriculture’s hallmark crop-complex includes:
(a) Rice and jute
(b) Tea and rubber
(c) Grapes, olives, citrus, figs with winter vegetable advantage
(d) Maize and sorghum only
(26) Mediterranean-type regions occur in:
(a) North Africa’s Mediterranean rim, southern California, central Chile, SW South Africa, south/south-west Australia, Mediterranean Europe
(b) Siberia and Alaska only
(c) Only Andes
(d) Only monsoon Asia
(27) Market gardening/horticulture is driven by:
(a) Distance from cities, low-value crops
(b) Close urban markets, high-value perishables, fast transport, greenhouses/HYVs/fertilisers
(c) Exclusive grain monoculture
(d) Zero inputs
(28) “Truck farming” refers to:
(a) Farming with tractors only
(b) Vegetables marketed within an overnight truck radius of cities
(c) Containerised shipping of cereals
(d) Mobile dairying
(29) “Factory farming” in Western Europe/North America typically means:
(a) Outdoor grazing only
(b) Low capital sheds
(c) Stall-fed poultry/cattle, manufactured feed, disease control, heavy capital for housing, heating, lighting, veterinary services
(d) Zero-input natural systems
(30) In co-operative farming:
(a) Land is nationalised
(b) Individual farms vanish
(c) Farmers pool resources for inputs/marketing while retaining individual holdings
(d) Only plantations qualify
(31) Collective farming (Kolkhoz model) was introduced mainly to:
(a) Promote shifting cultivation
(b) Reduce yields
(c) Achieve social ownership of means of production and raise output
(d) Abolish all private plots
(32) Which statement about mining profitability is most accurate?
(a) Only ore grade matters
(b) Only technology matters
(c) It depends on physical factors and economic factors together
(d) Only labour cost matters
(33) Open-cast (surface) mining is preferred when:
(a) Ore lies very deep
(b) Safety equipment is unaffordable
(c) Ore occurs near the surface; it’s cheaper, faster
(d) In polar regions only
(34) Major risks in underground (shaft) mining include:
(a) Sunburn
(b) Frostbite
(c) Poisonous gases, fires, flooding, cave-ins
(d) Only dust allergy
(35) Why are developed economies retreating from mining and processing?
(a) Lack of ore
(b) Religious bans
(c) High labour costs and structural shifts
(d) Ocean treaties
(36) Identify a classic off-shore resource extraction example:
(a) Deep-sea manganese nodules
(b) Gulf of Mexico oil drilling
(c) Arctic gas hydrates
(d) Black Sea potash brines
(37) People engaged in primary activities are dubbed “red-collar workers” because:
(a) They wear uniforms
(b) Outdoor manual work under sun/heat
(c) Handle hazardous chemicals
(d) Government officials
(38) In intensive wet-paddy systems, what sustains soil fertility most commonly?
(a) Exclusive chemical fertilisers
(b) Leaving land fallow for decades
(c) Farmyard manure with careful water management
(d) Desert irrigation only
(39) Why are tea estates usually on hill slopes in South Asia?
(a) Aesthetic reasons
(b) Avoiding taxes
(c) Slopes provide drainage and cool microclimates
(d) To escape wildlife
(40) Which pairing is correct for mixed farming geographies?
(a) Arctic Circle—mixed farming
(b) Western Sahara—mixed farming
(c) North-western Europe/Eastern North America/temperate southern continents
(d) Amazon Basin—mixed farming
(41) Which farming system integrates cereals with fodder crops for livestock rearing?
(a) Intensive wet rice farming
(b) Mixed farming
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Plantation farming
(42) In nomadic pastoralism, migration routes are generally:
(a) Random and unplanned
(b) Determined by tribal chiefs only
(c) Well-defined, seasonal, and repeated over generations
(d) Mandated strictly by governments
(43) Which agricultural practice supplies fresh vegetables, fruits, and flowers to cities?
(a) Extensive grain farming
(b) Market gardening
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Nomadic herding
(44) The largest commercial grain-producing areas of the world are located in:
(a) Tropical Africa
(b) Mid-latitude grasslands
(c) Polar tundra
(d) Himalayan valleys
(45) A key difference between plantation and mixed farming is that plantations:
(a) Are small family-run farms
(b) Produce for local consumption only
(c) Are large, capital-intensive, export-oriented monocultures
(d) Focus on shifting cultivation methods
(46) Which statement is true for dairy farming?
(a) Seasonal activity with long fallows
(b) Extensive system with low labour
(c) Intensive, year-round, with advanced breeding and veterinary care
(d) No use of machinery
(47) Which region is famous for viticulture under Mediterranean agriculture?
(a) Central Russia
(b) North-western Europe
(c) Mediterranean Basin
(d) East Africa
(48) Which of the following best explains the term “transhumance”?
(a) Fixed cultivation without movement
(b) Shifting to forests permanently
(c) Seasonal migration of herders between lowlands and highlands
(d) Continuous travel with no return
(49) Why has gathering become limited in modern economies?
(a) Strong cultural restrictions
(b) Lack of raw material demand
(c) Competition from synthetics and cultivated substitutes
(d) Ban on forest entry
(50) Which of the following is not a plantation crop?
(a) Rubber
(b) Tea
(c) Coffee
(d) Wheat
(51) Which farming system is historically linked to colonial powers in tropical regions?
(a) Mixed farming
(b) Plantation agriculture
(c) Nomadic pastoralism
(d) Shifting cultivation
(52) Which livestock dominates the Arctic pastoral economy?
(a) Yak
(b) Reindeer
(c) Camel
(d) Llama
(53) Intensive subsistence farming without paddy is widespread in:
(a) Northern China and Manchuria
(b) Southern India
(c) Mediterranean Europe
(d) Central Africa
(54) The Kolkhoz was an example of:
(a) Co-operative farming in Denmark
(b) Collective farming in the USSR
(c) Plantation farming in Sri Lanka
(d) Mixed farming in France
(55) Which physical factor often limits mining viability most critically?
(a) Presence of highways
(b) Ore grade and depth
(c) Local traditions
(d) Urban population nearby
(56) The Pampas of Argentina are globally known for:
(a) Dairy belts
(b) Mixed farming
(c) Commercial grain farming
(d) Plantation crops
(57) Which major hazard distinguishes underground mining from open-cast mining?
(a) Wind erosion
(b) Monsoon flooding only
(c) Toxic gases, fire, and collapse risks
(d) Crop failure
(58) Shifting cultivation is ecologically unsustainable today mainly because:
(a) Surplus rainfall
(b) Shortened fallow cycles under population pressure
(c) Abundance of land
(d) Abandonment of crops
(59) The Netherlands is a world leader in which farming type?
(a) Nomadic pastoralism
(b) Floriculture and horticulture
(c) Plantation crops
(d) Shifting cultivation
(60) Which natural factor most influences Mediterranean agriculture?
(a) Monsoon rainfall
(b) Equatorial humidity
(c) Dry summer and mild, wet winter climate
(d) Polar tundra winds
(61) Which commercial farming system is most mechanised globally?
(a) Intensive subsistence farming
(b) Commercial grain farming
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Nomadic pastoralism
(62) Which of the following is most associated with New Zealand?
(a) Coffee plantations
(b) Sheep ranching and dairy farming
(c) Rice paddies
(d) Desert nomadism
(63) The major purpose of mixed farming is:
(a) To maximize crop exports
(b) To balance crop production with livestock for mutual benefit
(c) To avoid machinery use
(d) To reduce food consumption
(64) Which of these is a typical plantation region in Asia?
(a) Siberia
(b) North-East India and Sri Lanka
(c) Tibet
(d) Mongolia
(65) Why is dairy farming highly capital-intensive?
(a) Dependence on rainfall
(b) Constant migration
(c) Requirement of storage, veterinary care, machinery, and feed inputs
(d) Lack of land
(66) Which animal is linked with the Tibetan Plateau economy?
(a) Camel
(b) Yak
(c) Reindeer
(d) Horse
(67) “Truck farming” primarily caters to:
(a) International shipping
(b) Local urban markets within an overnight distance
(c) Nomadic herders
(d) Plantation managers
(68) The collective farming model was strongly promoted in which country?
(a) Denmark
(b) USSR
(c) India
(d) Brazil
(69) Why is open-cast mining often preferred?
(a) Lower risk and cheaper extraction of shallow ores
(b) Religious customs
(c) Higher quality of deep ores
(d) Environmental preservation
(70) Which farming system is known for producing vegetables and flowers in greenhouses?
(a) Market gardening
(b) Plantation farming
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Extensive grain farming
(71) Why is shifting cultivation often called “slash-and-burn”?
(a) Because land is cleared by fire and cropped temporarily
(b) Because trees are replanted after burning
(c) Because machines slash crops
(d) Because it uses no tools
(72) Which statement fits plantation farming best?
(a) Multi-crop, local consumption
(b) Monoculture, export-oriented, large estates
(c) Small scattered fields
(d) Purely subsistence crops
(73) Which farming practice is widespread in the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand?
(a) Shifting cultivation
(b) Commercial grain farming
(c) Subsistence hunting
(d) Dairy cooperatives only
(74) What role do synthetic substitutes play in resource gathering?
(a) Increase demand for gums and resins
(b) Eliminate market need for gathered products
(c) Encourage more tribal production
(d) Expand export volumes
(75) Which best explains “red-collar jobs”?
(a) Jobs in tourism
(b) Outdoor manual primary activities under sun and heat
(c) Computer-based jobs
(d) Medical services
(76) Which factor encourages ranching in the Pampas and Prairies?
(a) Desert conditions
(b) Rich temperate grasslands and global meat demand
(c) Polar climate
(d) High mountain terrain
(77) Transhumance differs from nomadism because:
(a) It involves permanent settlement
(b) It is vertical seasonal migration between pastures
(c) It is done only in deserts
(d) It uses machines exclusively
(78) Which product of gathering became less important due to rubber plantations?
(a) Chicle
(b) Natural latex from forest Hevea
(c) Palm oil
(d) Resin
(79) Why is Mediterranean agriculture highly commercialised?
(a) Small land size
(b) Demand for wine, olives, citrus in global markets
(c) Political mandates
(d) Shifting cultivation pressure
(80) Which crops dominate US prairies under commercial grain farming?
(a) Rice and jute
(b) Wheat and maize
(c) Tea and rubber
(d) Grapes and olives
(81) Co-operative farming differs from collective farming mainly in:
(a) Ownership pattern
(b) Number of crops
(c) Tools used
(d) Animal breeds
(82) What is the ecological issue with shortening fallow in shifting cultivation?
(a) Fertility improves
(b) Forests regenerate faster
(c) Soil fertility declines, erosion increases
(d) More biodiversity
(83) A major dairy export hub in the southern hemisphere is:
(a) Uruguay
(b) New Zealand
(c) Chile
(d) Peru
(84) Which crop combination is correct for Mediterranean regions?
(a) Cotton, jute
(b) Rice, maize
(c) Grapes, olives, citrus, figs
(d) Wheat, barley only
(85) What is the chief characteristic of nomadic herding?
(a) Sedentary farming only
(b) Movement with livestock in search of pastures
(c) Exclusive plantation work
(d) Mixed farming methods
(86) Which farming system developed mainly around urban peripheries?
(a) Plantation
(b) Market gardening
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Ranching
(87) Which is a defining feature of mixed farming?
(a) Exclusive monoculture
(b) Integration of crops with livestock
(c) Only shifting cultivation
(d) Focus on hunting
(88) The USSR’s Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz are examples of:
(a) Plantation systems
(b) Co-operative farming only
(c) Collective farming
(d) Nomadic herding
(89) Why is dairy farming suited to areas with dense population and high incomes?
(a) No need for refrigeration
(b) Strong demand for fresh milk and milk products
(c) Easy land availability
(d) Cultural bans on livestock
(90) Which factor led to the decline of nomadic herding worldwide?
(a) Increased rainfall
(b) State policies restricting movement and land enclosure
(c) Higher demand for wool
(d) Animal population explosion
(91) The European Steppes are major producers of:
(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Coffee
(92) What links Argentina’s Pampas with Canada’s Prairies?
(a) Same latitude
(b) Commercial grain and cattle ranching economies
(c) Shared colonial history
(d) Coffee exports
(93) Which tropical crop is typically plantation-based?
(a) Wheat
(b) Coffee
(c) Barley
(d) Maize
(94) In Mediterranean belts, winter is favourable for:
(a) Rice paddies
(b) Vegetable cultivation
(c) Nomadic pastoralism only
(d) Jute
(95) Why is co-operative farming efficient?
(a) Land is taken by state
(b) Farmers pool resources for economies of scale
(c) No crops are grown
(d) Only subsistence goals
(96) Which activity directly belongs to the primary sector?
(a) Banking
(b) Teaching
(c) Fishing
(d) Software services
(97) The velds of South Africa specialise in:
(a) Citrus plantations
(b) Commercial grain farming and ranching
(c) Tea estates
(d) Coffee plantations
(98) Which innovation modernised dairying most?
(a) Candle making
(b) Cold storage and refrigeration
(c) Jhum methods
(d) Firewood barns
(99) Which is a famous floriculture export hub?
(a) Netherlands
(b) Tibet
(c) Sahara
(d) Siberia
(100) Which feature distinguishes plantation labour organisation?
(a) Local self-sufficiency
(b) Import of migrant/indentured labour under management
(c) Independent smallholders
(d) Urban salaried workforce
NCERT MCQ PDF, With Answers and Explanation.(101) Which livestock dominates in the Australian Downs?
(a) Sheep
(b) Camel
(c) Reindeer
(d) Yak
(102) Which is the main disadvantage of open-cast mining?
(a) High safety
(b) Low cost
(c) Environmental destruction and land degradation
(d) Ore purity
(103) Which system is known as “truck farming” in the USA?
(a) Extensive grain farming
(b) Market gardening for cities
(c) Plantation monoculture
(d) Nomadic pastoralism
(104) Which climatic condition best suits wheat?
(a) Hot equatorial
(b) Cool temperate with moderate rainfall
(c) Polar
(d) Desert drought
(105) What is the ecological benefit of mixed farming?
(a) No animals involved
(b) Crop residues recycle as fodder, manure enriches fields
(c) Continuous fallow
(d) Only monoculture
(106) Which factor most influences location of plantations?
(a) Proximity to consumer markets
(b) Nearness to ports and transport for export
(c) Arctic zones
(d) Random settlement
(107) Which farming system is intensive but uses small landholdings?
(a) Intensive subsistence farming
(b) Commercial grain farming
(c) Ranching
(d) Plantation farming
(108) Which term describes seasonal migration of livestock in Himalayas?
(a) Transhumance
(b) Ranching
(c) Truck farming
(d) Plantation
(109) Which farming type dominates the Downs of Australia?
(a) Plantation
(b) Ranching and commercial grains
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Dairy only
(110) Which mineral is most linked to open-cast mining?
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum
(c) Gold
(d) Uranium
(111) Which country pioneered collective farming on a massive scale?
(a) France
(b) USA
(c) USSR
(d) India
(112) Which economic activity is categorised as extractive?
(a) Teaching
(b) Mining
(c) Tourism
(d) Banking
(113) Which activity is an example of subsistence farming?
(a) Export-oriented coffee estates
(b) Jhum cultivation in Northeast India
(c) Truck farming near New York
(d) Ranching in Argentina
(114) Which feature distinguishes commercial grain farming from intensive subsistence?
(a) Both use manual tools
(b) Grain farming uses mechanisation on vast areas, subsistence uses family labour on small plots
(c) Both are plantation types
(d) Both rely on shifting cultivation
(115) Which climate is least suitable for dairy farming?
(a) Temperate maritime
(b) Tropical humid
(c) Subtropical highlands
(d) Polar tundra
(116) In plantation agriculture, why are processing factories often built on-site?
(a) To reduce taxes
(b) Crops are perishable and need immediate processing
(c) Labour shortages
(d) To avoid markets
(117) Which factor is most responsible for success of market gardening?
(a) Isolated location
(b) Surplus capital only
(c) Proximity to urban demand with quick transport
(d) Rainfall variation
(118) Which livestock dominates ranching in Uruguay?
(a) Camel
(b) Sheep and cattle
(c) Yak
(d) Reindeer
(119) What is the chief constraint of subsistence farming in monsoon Asia?
(a) Lack of water
(b) Excess labour with fragmented land
(c) High capital mechanisation
(d) Shortage of rainfall
(120) Which crop is most linked with Sri Lankan plantations?
(a) Cotton
(b) Tea
(c) Maize
(d) Rice
(121) Which method is increasingly replacing gathering of forest rubber?
(a) Hunting
(b) Rubber plantations
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Mining
(122) Which farming type primarily feeds the farmer’s family with little surplus?
(a) Subsistence farming
(b) Plantation farming
(c) Ranching
(d) Dairy farming
(123) Which is an advantage of collective farming?
(a) Individual farmers retain independence
(b) Achieves economies of scale with pooled resources
(c) Requires no organisation
(d) No production goals
(124) Which farming system produces staple food grains for world trade?
(a) Shifting cultivation
(b) Commercial grain farming
(c) Subsistence farming
(d) Dairy farming
(125) The Llanos of Venezuela are mainly used for:
(a) Dairy farming
(b) Cattle ranching
(c) Rice cultivation
(d) Tea plantations
(126) Which farming integrates horticulture with greenhouse technology?
(a) Market gardening
(b) Ranching
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Plantation
(127) What led to the rise of truck farming in the USA?
(a) Abundant forest cover
(b) Improved refrigeration and road transport
(c) Shortage of land
(d) Desert irrigation
(128) Which animal dominates in the Mongolian pastoral economy?
(a) Sheep and horses
(b) Llama
(c) Reindeer
(d) Camel only
(129) Which crop is not a classic Mediterranean crop?
(a) Olives
(b) Citrus
(c) Grapes
(d) Rice
(130) Which is a major feature of plantation economies?
(a) Local barter
(b) Export-oriented cash crops with transport to ports
(c) Hunting reliance
(d) Small fragmented fields
(131) Which farming system is most labour-intensive globally?
(a) Ranching
(b) Intensive subsistence farming
(c) Plantation farming
(d) Truck farming
(132) Which animal is central to Andean pastoralism?
(a) Reindeer
(b) Llama
(c) Camel
(d) Yak
(133) Which factor explains success of Mediterranean viticulture?
(a) Cold winters
(b) Long dry summers, mild wet winters
(c) Desert dryness
(d) Monsoon floods
(134) Which crop dominates Caribbean plantations historically?
(a) Tea
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Rice
(d) Cotton
(135) Which farming system heavily uses crop rotation?
(a) Mixed farming
(b) Shifting cultivation
(c) Ranching
(d) Dairy farming
(136) Which crop is linked to Malaysia’s plantations?
(a) Rubber and oil palm
(b) Wheat
(c) Barley
(d) Rice
(137) Which activity is least likely in primary sector?
(a) Forestry
(b) Mining
(c) Banking
(d) Fishing
(138) Which farming system uses stall-feeding of animals with artificial feed?
(a) Factory farming
(b) Plantation farming
(c) Shifting cultivation
(d) Ranching
(139) Which mineral extraction is common in the Ruhr valley?
(a) Coal
(b) Oil
(c) Bauxite
(d) Copper
(140) Which feature of plantations makes them distinct?
(a) Dependence on urban markets
(b) Specialisation in one crop, often for export
(c) Exclusive subsistence food
(d) Random crop mixes
(141) Which is the most dangerous hazard in coal mines?
(a) Fire-damp gas explosions
(b) Cold weather
(c) Sunburn
(d) Crop pests
(142) Which crop is suited to Mediterranean winter rains?
(a) Grapes
(b) Rice
(c) Jute
(d) Maize
(143) Which pastoral system is now declining worldwide?
(a) Nomadic herding
(b) Mixed farming
(c) Ranching
(d) Dairying
(144) Which livestock dominates the Pampas economy besides grains?
(a) Horses
(b) Cattle
(c) Yak
(d) Reindeer
(145) Which is a major plantation crop of West Africa?
(a) Cocoa
(b) Wheat
(c) Maize
(d) Barley
(146) Which farming system mainly uses HYVs, fertilisers, and irrigation in Asia?
(a) Intensive subsistence farming
(b) Plantation farming
(c) Ranching
(d) Nomadic herding
(147) Which is the main mineral extracted in Chile’s Atacama Desert?
(a) Copper
(b) Oil
(c) Coal
(d) Gold
(148) Which factor unites Mediterranean-climate agriculture worldwide?
(a) Monsoon rainfall
(b) Mild wet winters and hot dry summers
(c) Arctic cold
(d) Desert dryness
(149) Which is a defining feature of ranching?
(a) Intensive small plots
(b) Large fenced lands with mechanisation and commercial meat production
(c) Seasonal nomadism only
(d) Exclusive plantations
(150) Which mining method is safest but costliest for deep ores?
(a) Shaft mining with advanced technology
(b) Open burning
(c) Forest clearing
(d) Nomadic extraction